System and method for communicating data using iterative equalizing and decoding and recursive inner code

ABSTRACT

A system and method for communicating data includes an inner encoder for encoding data with the recursive inner rate one code. A modulator coherently modulates a communications signal that carries the data that has been encoded. An interleaver is operative with the inner encoder and modulator to aid in removing correlation of multipath fading channels on consecutive bits. A convolutional encoder is followed by a random interleaver. The modulator can be operative with mini-probe sequences. An equalizer and decoder receives the communications signal and iteratively decodes any recursive inner rate one code and convolutional code in a turbo fashion.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to communications systems and, moreparticularly, the present invention relates to communications systemsthat use iterative equalization and decoding.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Iterative equalization and decoding offers some significant performanceadvantages on multipath/fading channels. For example, an outer rate ½K=7 convolutional code serially concatenated with a block interleaverwas shown to provide significant improvements on multipath/fading HighFrequency (HF) channels, where the multipath/fading channel behaved likea rate=1 non-recursive inner code. However, research in the area ofserially concatenated iterative codes has shown that additionalinterleaver gains exist if the inner code is recursive.

It is well known that High Frequency, Very High Frequency and Ultra HighFrequency (HF/VHF/UHF) tactical (land mobile) radio channels exhibittime and frequency dispersion (i.e., delay spread and Doppler spread)because of the presence of signal reflectors and scatterers in theenvironment and the relative motion of a transmitter and receiver. Toobtain adequate interleaver gains in a serially-concatenated system, theinner code must be recursive. In single-carrier systems, this hashistorically meant that the modulation used over the channel is adifferential modulation or Continuous Phase Modulation (CPM).

Some communications systems generate waveforms using a recursive innerrate one (1) code and differential modulation. These communicationssystems often use Forward Error Correcting (FEC) and interleaving toovercome the multipath and/or fading encountered in these communicationschannels, for example, in wireless networks, telephone lines and similarcommunications networks. Recent advances in demodulation techniques fortypical high frequency communications systems, however, have usedadvances in demodulation techniques to yield improvements in systemperformance by using iterative equalization and decoding. This approachhelps the demodulation process by feeding back decoded bits, which, ingeneral will be of a higher quality than the on-air received bits. As aresult, a Forward Error Correction (FEC) code is used to correct some ofthe errors caused by multipath, fading, and noises encountered on thecommunications channel.

Other communications systems use serially concatenated forward errorcorrection codes, which are iteratively decoded. Instead of using aForward Error Correction code as an inner code, a recursive modulation,such as a Continuous Phase Modulation (CPM), is used. This fulfills akey requirement of serially concatenated codes by allowing a recursiveinner code to obtain interleaver gains in the iterative decodingprocess. As the constellation size is increased, however, and PhaseShift Key (PSK) or Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) used,differential modulation can be difficult to implement and can have largeperformance degradation, i.e., 16-QAM and 64-QAM.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In view of the foregoing background, it is therefore an object of thepresent invention to provide a system and method that uses coherentmodulation and uses iterative equalization and decoding.

It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a systemand method that removes the need for differential modulation in aniterative equalization and decoding system with a recursive inner code.

In accordance with the present invention, the communications systemgenerates a waveform that uses a serial concatenation of a convolutionalcode, and a recursive inner rate one (1) code. Coherent modulation isused instead of a differential modulation. The recursive nature of theinner code provides significant gains in parallel and seriallyconcatenated iterative codes.

In one aspect of the present invention, data to be transmitted can beencoded using a convolutional code. The data is passed through a randomor block interleaver. The system encodes the data with a rate one (1)code and the data is passed through another interleaver. Multiple bitsare gathered to generate transmit symbols based on a desired modulation,preferably a coherent modulation. At a receiver, a standard equalizerdemodulates the data and passes the data through a deinterleaver. Thesystem iteratively decodes the inner rate one (1) code and the outerconvolutional code in turbo fashion. With every few iterations, it ispossible to redo the equalization and channel estimate by feeding backthe “latest” demodulated symbol estimates resulting from the turboprocess and then continue the turbo decoding process with improvedequalizer estimates.

A system and method for communicating data in accordance with thepresent invention includes an encoder for encoding data with therecursive inner rate one (1) code and modulator for coherentlymodulating a communications signal that carries the data that has beenencoded. An interleaver is operative with the encoder and modulator toaid in removing correlation of multipath fading channels on consecutivebits. The equalizer receives the communications signal and produces softinformation, which is iteratively decoded by recursive inner and outercodes in a turbo fashion.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention willbecome apparent from the detailed description of the invention whichfollows, when considered in light of the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example of a typical prior art highfrequency communications system showing different modulators anddemodulators, filters, interleavers, and deinterleavers, and forwarderror correction (FEC) encoders and decoders.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a communications system that can be usedfor the present invention as a non-limiting example.

FIG. 3 is a high level flow chart showing an example of the system andmethod in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an example of a transmit section of thecommunications system in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 5 is block diagram of a receive section of the communicationssystem in accordance with the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The present invention will now be described more fully hereinafter withreference to the accompanying drawings, in which preferred embodimentsof the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied inmany different forms and should not be construed as limited to theembodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided sothat this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fullyconvey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. Likenumbers refer to like elements throughout, and prime notation is used toindicate similar elements in alternative embodiments.

The present invention advantageously provides a system and method foriterative equalization and decoding with a recursive inner code. Thesystem and method of the invention generates a novel and unobviouswaveform using a serial concatenation of a convolutional code and arecursive inner rate one code. It also uses coherent modulation insteadof differential modulation.

The present invention removes the requirement for differentialmodulation in a system using iterative equalization and decoding byusing a rate-equal-one recursive inner code stand-alone and placing aninterleaver between it and a coherent modulation circuit. Theinterleaver helps remove the correlation of multipath fading channels onconsecutive bits of the inner rate one code. The iterative demodulationprocess can exchange soft and hard information between the outer code,the inner code and the equalizer. Many different demodulation schemescan be used where multiple iterations could be run between differentblocks that exchange soft and hard information. For example, the innerand outer code exchange information multiple times before the equalizeris included in the process. The equalizer could be used initially togenerate the information provided to the inner code. This allows animproved performance for waveforms using interleavers and forward errorcorrection (FEC) over communications channels with multipath and/orfading.

It should be understood that after turbo codes were used in theindustry, serially concatenated codes with a pseudo-random bitinterleaver were useful for iterative decoding. Some of theseconcatenated coding schemes used a simple carrier frequency modulation,for example, binary Phase Shift Keying. Bandwidth efficiency wasimproved using Trellis-Coded Modulation (TCM) and Continuous PhaseModulation (CPM), especially when a constant envelope of a transmittedsignal was required, for example, when a transmitter amplifier was notlinear.

Serially concatenated turbo codes satisfied the requirements for low-bitand word-error rates with reasonable complexity coding and decodingalgorithms. These codes can be used with high-level modulations, forexample, Octonary Phase Shift Keying (8 PSK) and 16-state quadratureamplitude modulation (16 QAM).

Trellis-coded modulation has become increasingly popular in digitalcommunications. Turbo codes are also popular and combine binarycomponent codes, typically including trellis codes with interleaving.Some turbo codes are formed as parallel concatenated convolutional codesusing a constituent encoder joined by interleavers. Input informationbits are fed to a first encoder, scrambled by an interleaver, and entera second encoder. A code word of this parallel concatenated code usuallyhas input bits to a first encoder followed by parity check bits of bothencoders. Suboptimal iterative decoding can be modular and useconcatenated decoder modules for each constituent code that is connectedthrough an interleaver, usually identical to the type of interleaver onthe encoder side. Each decoder could perform weighted soft decoding ofan input sequence. Serial concatenation of codes separated by aninterleaver provides similar performance benefits as parallelconcatenation. The present invention advantageously benefits from thistechnology and improves on it.

For purposes of description, a typical high frequency communicationssystem used for transmitting and receiving digital data is describedwith reference to FIG. 1. The system shown in FIG. 1 can use iterativeequalization and decoding. The system and method of the presentinvention can employ this technology and adopt it and apply a recursiveinner code.

As shown in FIG. 1 for this typical HF communications system 10 at atransmit section, a data stream (Src) that is to be transmitted isforwarded as 1's and 0's as is typical. The encoder 12 is operative as aForward Error Correction (FEC) encoder and applies a FEC algorithm tothe data, which passes to an interleaver 14, which interleaves the data,which is then modulated by a modulator 16. In some prior art systemshaving similar functions, differential modulation is applied at thispoint. The present invention can use coherent modulation in themodulator 16, for example. The modulator 16 could be a two, four oreight PSK modulator as a non-limiting example. Mini probe sequences canalso be applied. The data is passed into a transmit digital low-passfilter 18, and the data is up-converted by a digital up-conversioncircuit 20 from baseband to an 1800 Hz carrier in this one non-limitingexample. A radio transmit filter (RTF) 22 limits the bandwidth of thetransmit waveform to about 3 KHz. The data is passed to a highfrequency, multi-path and fading channel simulator circuit (meant tosimulate an HF channel) 24, where multi-path is modeled as atapped-delay line, and each tap in the tapped-delay line has fadingcharacteristics based on the Watterson model.

At a receiver section, a radio receive filter 26 limits the bandwidth ofthe data signal to about 3 KHz. The data is digitally down-converted inthe converter 28 from 1800 Hz carrier to baseband in this non-limitingexample. The data passes into a receive digital low-pass filter 30 thatis ideally the same as the transmit digital low-pass filter (TDF) 18.The demodulation occurs followed by deinterleaving within adeinterleaver circuit 34. The forward error correction (FEC) decodercircuit 36 decodes the data and passes it as a received bit stream(Sink).

For purposes of description only, a brief description of an example of acommunications system that would benefit from the present invention isdescribed relative to a non-limiting example shown in FIG. 2. This highlevel block diagram of a communications system 50 includes a basestation segment 52 and wireless message terminals that could be modifiedfor use with the present invention. The base station segment 52 includesa VHF radio 60 and HF radio 62 that communicate and transmit voice ordata over a wireless link to a VHF net 64 or HF net 66, each whichinclude a number of respective VHF radios 68 and HF radios 70, andpersonal computer workstations 72 connected to the radios 68,70. The HFradio can include a demodulator circuit 62 a and appropriate detectorcircuit 62 b, outer FEC circuit 62 c, interleaver circuit 62 d, codingcircuit 62 e, modulation circuit 62 f, deinterleaver circuit 62 g,equalizer circuit 62 h and modem 62 i as non-limiting examples. Theseand other circuits operate to perform the functions necessary for thepresent invention. Other illustrated radios can have similar circuits.

The base station segment 52 includes a landline connection to a publicswitched telephone network (PSTN) 80, which connects to a PABX 82. Asatellite interface 84, such as a satellite ground station, connects tothe PABX 82, which connects to processors forming wireless gateways 86a, 86 b. These interconnect to the VHF radio 60 or HF radio 62,respectively. The processors are connected through a local area networkto the PABX 82 and e-mail clients 90. The radios include appropriatesignal generators and modulators.

An Ethernet/TCP-IP local area network could operate as a “radio” mailserver. E-mail messages could be sent over radio links and local airnetworks using STANAG-5066 as second-generation protocols/waveforms, thedisclosure which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entiretyand, of course, preferably with the third-generation interoperabilitystandard: STANAG-4538, the disclosure which is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety. An interoperability standard FED-STD-1052,the disclosure which is hereby incorporated by reference in itsentirety, could be used with legacy wireless devices. Examples ofequipment that can be used in the present invention include differentwireless gateway and radios manufactured by Harris Corporation ofMelbourne, Fla. This equipment could include RF5800, 5022, 7210, 5710,5285 and PRC 117 and 138 series equipment and devices as non-limitingexamples.

These systems can be operable with RF-5710A high-frequency (HF) modemsand with the NATO standard known as STANAG 4539, the disclosure which ishereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, which provides fortransmission of long distance HF radio circuits at rates up to 9,600bps. In addition to modern technology, those systems can use wirelessemail products that use a suite of data-link protocols designed andperfected for stressed tactical channels, such as the STANAG 4538 orSTANAG 5066, the disclosures which are hereby incorporated by referencein their entirety. It is also possible to use a fixed, non-adaptive datarate as high as 19,200 bps with a radio set to ISB mode and an HF modemset to a fixed data rate. It is possible to use code combiningtechniques and ARQ.

FIG. 3 is a high level flow chart showing the processing for an exampleof a system and method in accordance with the present invention. Theprocess starts (Block 100) and transmitted data is processed through aconvolutional encoder (Block 102). Data can pass through a randominterleaver (Block 104) and is differentially encoded with a rate one(1) code (Block 106). In sequence, the encoding could occur followed byrandom interleaving. The signal is passed through another interleaver(Block 108), and multiple bits are gathered to generate transmit symbolsbased on a desired modulation (Block 110), for example, the coherentM-PSK or M-QAM modulation. At the receiver, the signal is demodulated bya standard equalizer (Block 112) and passed through an innerdeinterleaver (Block 114). The signal is iteratively decoded using aninner rate one (1) decoder and convolutional decoder in a turbo fashion(Block 116). With every few iterations, it is possible to re-do theequalizer and channel estimate (Block 118) (using “new” information fromturbo process) and continue the process (Block 120).

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an example of a transmit system that can beused in accordance with the present invention. An outer Forward ErrorCorrection (FEC) circuit 200 is operative with a first interleaver 202followed by a circuit 204 that provides a recursive rate one (1) innercode with the data. This circuit 204 is operatively connected to asecond interleaver 206, which separates bits such that the correlatedmulti-path and fading does not affect adjacent bits. A coherentmodulation circuit 208 is operative with mini-probe sequences andreceives the data from the interleaver 206 and creates a basebandwaveform for transmission.

Mini-probe sequences are often used for channels where severe fading isexpected. For example, alternating blocks of unknown data symbols andknown mini-probe sequences, sometimes only a single symbol, aretransmitted following a preamble sequence. The alternation of datablocks and mini-probe sequences can continue to the end of atransmission, or the initial preamble can be reinserted in a regularmanner. In some systems, a time-of-day driven cryptographic device canselect a preamble and mini-probe sequence from pseudo-random sequences.A good set of pseudo-random sequences used as either the mini-probes orpreambles can be located. A mini-probe generation and algorithm can beused to generate a set of mini-probes.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a receive system 300 of the presentinvention. The data signal is received within an equalizer 302 andpasses into a deinterleaver circuit 304 and into a rate one (1) decoder306. Part of the signal is fed back into a second interleaver 308 andback into the equalizer 302. The signal from the rate one (1) decoderalso passes into a deinterleaver 310 and through an outer Forward ErrorCorrection (FEC) decoder 312 and fed back into an interleaver 314, whichis operative with the Rate 1 decoder 306. A signal from the outerForward Error Correction (FEC) decoder 312 is output as a first signal.

These circuits can include a Digital Signal Processor (DSP) or FieldProgrammable Gate Array (FPGA) operative with a pseudo-randominterleaver. Any Forward Error Correction circuits can be operative withconvolutional codes or other codes to generate soft information. Itshould be understood that implementation of various functions couldoccur within a Digital Signal Processor. Any interleaver could beoperative as a pseudo-random interleaver. Convolutional Forward ErrorCorrection (FEC) codes could be used as block codes, and a rate 1 innercode could be a rate 1 convolutional code with a Soft-In-Soft-Out (SISO)decoder.

It is evident that the present invention overcomes the disadvantages ofdifferential modulation that has been used as an inner code. This causesdegradation because of the differential scheme which can be avoidedbecause the modulation can be coherent. The recursive nature of theinner code has provided significant gains in parallel andserially-concatenated iterative codes that can provide advantageousbenefits.

Many modifications and other embodiments of the invention will come tothe mind of one skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachingspresented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings.Therefore, it is understood that the invention is not to be limited tothe specific embodiments disclosed, and that modifications andembodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appendedclaims.

1. A system for communicating data comprising: an inner encoder forencoding data with a recursive inner rate one code; a modulator forcoherently modulating a communications signal that carries the data thathas been encoded with the recursive inner rate one code; and aninterleaver operative with the inner encoder and modulator to aid inremoving correlation of multipath fading channels on consecutive bits.2. A system according to claim 1, and further comprising a convolutionalencoder followed by a random interleaver and operative with said innerencoder and modulator.
 3. A system according to claim 1, wherein saidmodulator is operative with mini probe sequences.
 4. A system forcommunicating data comprising: an inner encoder for encoding data with arecursive inner rate one code; a modulator for coherently modulating acommunications signal that carries the data that has been encoded withthe recursive inner rate one code; an interleaver operative with theinner encoder and modulator to aid in removing correlation of multipathfading channels on consecutive bits; and an equalizer and decoder thatreceive the communications signal and iteratively decode any recursiveinner rate one code in a turbo fashion.
 5. A system according to claim4, wherein said equalizer and decoder are operative for iterativelydecoding any convolutional code in a turbo fashion.
 6. A systemaccording to claim 4, which further comprises an interleaver anddeinterleaver operative with said equalizer and inner decoder.
 7. Asystem according to claim 6, which further comprises first and secondinterleavers/deinterleavers operative with said equalizer and innerdecoder and convolutional encoder.
 8. A system according to claim 6,wherein said equalizer, inner decoder, deinterleaver and interleaver areoperative for equalizing after every few iterations.
 9. A systemaccording to claim 4, and further comprising a convolutional encoderfollowed by a random interleaver and operative with said inner encoderand modulator.
 10. A system according to claim 4, wherein said modulatoris operative with mini probe sequences.
 11. A method of communicatingdata which comprises: interleaving data to be communicated; encoding thedata with a recursive inner rate one code; coherently modulating acommunications signal containing the data; and transmitting the dataover the communications channel.
 12. A method according to claim 11,which further comprises interleaving the data after encoding.
 13. Amethod according to claim 12, which further comprises interleaving thedata within a convolutional encoder followed by a random interleaver.14. A method according to claim 11, which further comprises receivingthe communications signal and decoding the recursive inner rate one codeand the outer code.
 15. A method according to claim 14, which furthercomprises iteratively decoding a convolutional or other outer FEC codein a turbo fashion.
 16. A method according to claim 11, which furthercomprises receiving the communications signal and demodulating thereceived communications signal by equalizing and inner deinterleaving.17. A method according to claim 11, which further comprises equalizingafter every few iterations.
 18. A method of communicating data whichcomprises: transmitting data over a communications channel by generatinga waveform that uses a serial concatenation of a convolutional code, arecursive inner rate one code and coherent modulation; and receiving thecommunications signal and iteratively decoding the recursive inner rateone code and convolutional code in a turbo fashion to obtain the data.19. A method according to claim 18, which further comprises interleavingthe data.
 20. A method according to claim 18, which further comprisesgenerating multiple bits for transmission based on a coherentmodulation.
 21. A method according to claim 18, which further comprisesinterleaving the data after encoding the data.
 23. A method according toclaim 18, which further comprises demodulating the receivedcommunications signal by equalizing and inner deinterleaving.
 24. Amethod according to claim 22, which further comprises equalizing afterevery few iterations.